Electric voting-machine



Patented Dec. 20, I898.

F. S. WOOD.

ELECTRIC VOTING MACHINE.

(Application filed Jan. 16, 1897.)

(No Modal.)

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FRANK S; \VOOD, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.

ELECTRIC VOTING-MACHINE.

srnoirldn'rion forming ar of Letters Patent No. 616,174, dated December2c, 1898; Application filed January 16,1897. Serial No. 619,481. (Nomodel.)

To (II/U whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, FRANK S. WVOOD, a citizen of the United States,residing at Boston, in the county of Suffolk and State ofMassachusetts,have invented a new and useful Electric Voting-Machine, ofwhich the following is a specification.

My invention relates to improvements in a voting-machine operated byelectricity, governed by the well-known laws of physics,working throughelectromagnets in conjunction with suitable mechanical attachmentsacting upon specified devices through and by means of a combination ofelectric circuits.

The objects of my invention are, first, to do away with the perplexitiesof printed ballots, as well as the errors arising from counting same; infact, to do away with all individual ballots and, therefore, thenecessity for subsequent counting; second, to give the voter absolutesecrecy and the simplest means for registering his choice of candidateswith the utmost expedition; third, to provide means by which the votermay not only register his choice of candidates, but also compute hisvote with all others previously registered by automatical invisiblemeans; fourth, to have all necessary safeguards, not only to protect thevoter in his legal privilege, but also to prevent fraud, so that novoter can vote more than once for the same candidate nor for more thanone candidate for the same office; fifth, to provide means by which whenthe polls are closed the proper QIGOIJIOH-OffiCGlS may have access tothe total computed vote for all candidates, which, being transcribed andattested, will be the accurate oflicial vote; and to these ends myinvention consists in a mechanical arrangement adapted to automaticallyand electrically register and compute the legal choice of the voter.

I have illustrated the nature of my invention and the manner in which itis operated by the accompanying drawings, in which- Figure 1, in itsfour parts, is a view of the entire machine, the upper half of the threeparts Nos. 1, 2, and 3 being a view in perspective of the casing and thelower half a detailed plan view of the circuit arrangement andconnecting devices and part No. 4 a vertical cross-section of the floorand its circuit connections; and Fig. 2", aside elevation of theswitching device and actuating mechanism.

In showing the circuit arrangements the connections are merged into thedifferent parts when necessary.

Similar letters refer to similar parts in both views. I

It should be understood that my invention is designed to be fastened toone or more walls of a room orcompartment especially prepared and to thefloor and is to be entirely inclosed, with a door leading to it, so asto insure secrecy in voting.

In the upper half of Fig. 1 I have shown one form of my voting-machineadapted to three sets of candidates, consisting of a boxcasing, whichincloses the various registerin g-dials, disclosed by the open door D0in part No. 2, and the other mechanism included in the plan view belowit. Corresponding to the various candidates for election I havepreferably shown an arrangement of names upon the casing, so that theyappear in groups under their respective party headings. These names aresecured to the outside surface of the casing by suitable detachablemeans, so that different names may be substituted at every election,corresponding, in effect, to what is now known as the official ballot.At the right of each name is a push-button, by depressing which a voteis registered for the candidate whom the name represents. Above eachlist of names is a push-button, by pressing which each and everycandidate in that group may be voted for simultaneously.

In part No. 4 I have shown one form of circuit-controller or lockingdevice, which will be hereinafter more fully explained.

Between part No. 4: and the casing in Fig. 1 and connected therewith inelectric circuit are the different circuit combinations, acted upon byboth push-buttons and locking de vice, which I will now proceed toexplain. hen referring to the various circuits, I term those circuitsfirst which are closed by the voter at the push-button and thosecircuits second which are closed by the switching devices acting underthe impulse imparted to them by the operation of the primary circuits,as will be hereinafter specified.

These circuits are designated in the claims by the words first andsecond, respectively.

Unless otherwisenoted solid lines designate primary circuits and dottedlines secondary circuits.

Referring now to Fig. 1, part No. 1, the push-button X connects the twopoles of a primary circuit through the wire A from battery Y and throughwire 13 to and through electromagnet C, wire D to and through anxiliaryelectromagnet Re, wire E to and through armature and switch S,whiehisnormally against contact-point P, continuing through wire G,contact-point P, wire H to and through armature-switch S contactpoint Pwire I to and through armature RHL of auxiliary electromagnet tocontact-point m, and thence by wire J to battery V. This constituteswhat I call the first primary circuit, and it is normally open at X,with the switches S, S, and S and armature Rm resting against theircorrelative contactpoints P, P, P and m, respectively, said circuitready to be operated for its candidate for office. Take now a secondprimary circuit, representing another candidate for the sameol'fice-push-button X, for instance. This circuit is formed by wires Aand A, push-button X", wire 13, coil 0, wire D to and through Re, wireE, armature S, contactpoint P, and thence to battery V, same as in thefirst primary circuit. For the third primary circuit, starting at A, wereach pushbutton X by wire A thence by wire 13 to coil C thence by wireW to armature S and thence to battery V, as described in previouscircuits.

I will now describe the switching device which actuates the registeringdevice.

Referring to Fig. 2 and similar parts in Fig. l, O is an electromagnetconnected by a conductor XV with its armature S, which is pivotallyhinged and insulated at its righthand end and has a lever-arm PT at theother end adapted to engage the teeth of a ratchet-wheel T, attached toa registering device B. This armature is adapted to oscillate betweencontact-points P and T and in so doing to act as an electric switchingdevice, thereby transferring from one circuit to another, as required,the coil C, the conductor V, and the armature S, which elements or theirequivalents form an essential part of all the secondary circuits and areshown in the drawings by solid lines and to actuate the registering andcomputing device in the following manner: \Vhen the coil 0 is notmagnetized, the armature S rests against contact-point P and in circuitwith it without touching any of the teeth T on registering device P; butupon the coil 0 being magnetized the armature S is attracted. Theimpulse of this attraction causes it to move, breaking the circuit atpoint P, while instantaneously the lever-arm PT comes in contact with atooth of the ratchet-wheel T,

making another circuit at that point in the manner hereinafterexplained, armature S being now in circuit with T through the coil 0,and battery V is further attracted, causing the lever-arm P", whichstill engages T, toactuate theregisteringdevice. The ratchetwheel isprovided with ten teeth, one of which is adapted to be engaged by theleverarm upon each attraction of the armature by the electromagnet. Thearmature is so adjusted as to turn the ratchet-wheel through an arc ofthirty-six degrees at each engagement. The dotted line leading from theratchet-wheel indicates the circuit connection at that point. Now sincethe armature S in vibrating switches its coil off of one circuit andonto another I call the mechanism which makes this result possible, andshown in Fig. 2, my switching device.

In utilizing my electric registering device for other purposes than thatof voting the wire XV will preferably be omitted; but with thatmodification Fig. 2 represents all the essential features of such anapplication.

Referring to the third primary circuit previously described, it will beseen that while the wire \V appears in its switching device, as shown inFig. 2, it is apparently missing at similar points in the lirst andsecond primary circuits. A closer inspection of these latter circuitswill reveal that the wires 1) and E of the first and D and E of thesecond are but an elongation through the coil Re of the wire W, allhaving the same ollice namely, of connecting their correlative coils andswitches-and all these elements not only form parts of their respectiveprimary circuits, but are also switched off of said primary circuits bythe operation of their respective switches, and thereby become parts oftheir corresponding second circuits, and vice versa. Now theelectromagnet Re is an auxiliary coil acting in unison with either coilin the first and second circuits, with which it is connected, the objectof same being to cut out the battery from all the primary circuits whenany circuit with which it is connected is closed.

It is obvious that no auxiliary cut-out is needed by coil (J of thethird circuit, since by connecting wire H with switch S instead of withcontact-point P the movement of switch which is similar to that ofswitch S, previously described, serves to cut out the battery from allthe primary circuits with which it is in circuit.

I will now describe my locking device, which, referringto Fig. 1, partNo. -l-,consists of a double floor, the lower section F being stationaryand the upper section F perpendicularly movable, but normally held up bythe elastic reaction of suitable springy devices SP. Fastened to the topsurface of the under floor is a conductor L in circuit with abinding-post BP and contactpoints B K, while fastened to the bottomsurface of the upper floor is a conductor K in circuit withbindlug-posts BP, BP, and B1 and other contact-points B K, diametricallyopposite to similar points on lower floor. When the upper floor is inits normal position, these upper and lower contact-points B K areseparated from one another, as shown in the drawings; but when it isdepressed the points above are in contact and in circuit with the pointsbeneath and the locking mechanism is set. The circuit arrangementdescribed in this device forms an essential part of all the secondarycircuits, which I will now describe.

The first secondary circuit is formed as follows: Beginning at battery oin part No.1 wire Z leads to binding-post BP in floor E, which isconnected with binding-post BP in floor F, as previously described inthe locking device, and thence through wire I) to coil 0. From thispoint it continues to armature S through a portion of the first primarycircuit, previously described, which portion, including coil C, wire D,coil Re, wire E, and armature S, is at one time a part of the firstprimary circuit and at another a part of the first secondary circuit.From armature S it continues to ratchet-wheel T and thence through Wirea to battery. The next secondary circuit is formed from battery '0through locking device to binding-post Bl same as above described,continuing by wire I) to coil G, thence through its correspondingportion of primary circuit and switching device, and thence by wire a tobattery. The third secondary circuit is a counterpart of the other twodescribed to binding-post BP continuing through wire 11 to coil thencethrough switching device, as in its corresponding primary circuit, andbeing completed through wire a and a to battery. Now all these secondarycircuits are normally open at two points-namely, at the contact-points BK in the locking device and at the lever-arm PT of the switchingdevice-and for a special object, which will be hereinafter explained.

Having explained the principal circuits and parts of the votingmechanism, 1 will now proceed to explain their cooperation and thepractical working of my invention, which is as follows: The voter havingsatisfied the election-oificials of his right to vote is per mitted toenter the compartment containing my invention for the purpose of voting,the door of same being then closed by any desired means. As he stepsupon the movable floor F his weight depresses same, placing points 13 Kin contact, as before mentioned, and closing all the secondary circuitstherein; but we have already seen that each secondary circuit is open attwo different places. Therefore, although the points B K are in circuit,all the secondary circuits still remain open at the levenarms P" oftheir respective switching devices, any one of which is ready to beoperated upon the closing of its primary circuit. Suppose now that thevoter desires to vote for the Republican candidate forlieutenant-governor. He may do so by pressthrough the ratchet-wheel T bythe inertia which it gained from the electric impulse imparted to it.Upon the closing of this secondary circuit the armature S is furtherattracted to the extent of its capacity and rotates the registeringdevice, as has been described, turning up a number on theregistering-dial, which number is at all times the computed vote of thecandidate voted for; but when the armature S has reached the limit ofits motion it is still in contact with the ratchet-tooth engaged andremains locked in that position as long as the secondary circuit is keptclosed by the weight of the voter upon the locking device. Therefore nofurther voting by pressing the push-button X is possible, even if by sodoing the first primary circuit could now be closed, which, however, isimpossible, as will presently be explained. Consequently no voter canvote more than once for the same candidate. Now when the voter closedthe first primary circuit at X the auxiliary electromagnet Re attractedits armature Rm, which opened all the primary circuits at point on, andwhen the switch S closed the secondary circuit it switched Re onto same,causing armature Rm to remain attracted, Where it is lockedsynchronously with armature S, as above described. At the same time thatswitch S closed the secondary circuit it switched off of the primarycircuit that portion previously described and switched same onto thesecondary circuit, of which it now forms a part. Therefore, all theprimary circuits now being open, it is obviously impossible to vote formore than one candidate for the same office, since the pressing ofeither push-button X or X can have no effect on an open circuit. Had thevoters choice been the Democratic candidate for lieutenant governor hewould have pressed the push-button X instead of X and the results justdescribed would have been transferred to the second primary andsecondary circuits. If the voter had chosen the Prohibition candidatefor lieutenant-governor and pressed the button X the results of thefirst description would have reverted hereto. There is a slightmodification of the mechanical action in this latter circuit, therebeing no auxiliary electromagnet used or needed. The primary circuit inthis case is opened at P instead of m, but the results are precisely thesame- 17. e., that whichever primary circuit is operated by the votersaid primary circuit closes its correlative secondary circuit and opensall the primary circuits, the whole remaining looked, as describedbefore. Referring,again,to the first circuits, the operation is thuscontinued: After voting the voter upon leaving the compartment steps offof the floor F, which springs up by means of an elastic reactionpreviously described, opening the secondary circuits at the points 13 K.This deniagnetizes the coils, releasing the armatures S and Rm, whichfly back into place, and the cycle of the voting mechanism is completed.

Having described the principal attributes of my invention, I will nowexplain its minor features.

Referring to part No. 2 of Fig. 1, the dotted lines joining the variouspush-buttons show one system of wiring by means of which all thecandidates of any party may be voted for simultaneouslyatasinglepush-button. This is accomplished by connecting the poles of eachindividual push-hutton,as represented in the drawings by the dottedlines leading from X, X, and X, from which poles wires leading to theadditional push-button X group all the primary circuits connectedtherewith under its control, provided that no candidate in any othergroup has previously been voted for. The effect of pressing the button Xis the same as though all the buttons grouped underit were separatelypressed; but its control over any primary circuit ceases when any othercorrelative primary circuit has been operated. The same result may beaccomplished by connecting the poles of push-button X with eachindividual push-button by separate wires, which makes button X thecomposite circuit-closer for all the primary circuits.

3y means of the composite circuit-closer all individual candidates of agiven party may simultaneously bevotcd for; but itis provided that ifany candidate or candidates of any other party for the same office orollices shall have previously been voted for then the circuitarrangement so automatically adapts itself as to prevent saidsimultaneous voting in so far as it relates to the candidate orcandidates for the same office or ollices previously voted for, wherebysimultaneous voting is adapted to take place for only such candidates ofone party as have not been previously preferred in another.

At the left of each group of candidates in Fig. 1 is a small door Dodesigned to be closed, locked, and sealed when the voting is going onand to be opened by the proper election official when the polls areclosed. The opening of this door reveals the dial of the registeringdevices which show the computed vote of each candidate, as illustratedin part No. 2.

The last feature of my invention is a telltale device the object ofwhich is to furnish an additional safeguard against any attempt atfraudulent voting, however crafty, and which I will now describe. At theextreme left of the circuit arrangement in Fig. 1 will be seen anelectric bell 13L in the circuit indicated by the dotted lines leadingtherefrom to the battery I; and to the two contactpoints designated bythe plus and minus signs, which I will call positive and negative. Thenegative point is attached to the floor F and moves with it. Thepositive point is fixed above the floor F and so adjusted that when thefloor is in its normal position both points are in contact, closing thecircuit, which causes the bell to ring. lVhen the floor is depressed,the negative point recedes from the positive, opening the circuit, andthe bell stops ringing. It is obvious that so long as the voter standsupon the floor F no fraudulent voting is possible, as has beenpreviously explained, and the bell cannot ring; but should the voter byany artful means and fraudulent intent remove his weight from the iloorthe bell would ring, giving warning to all within sound of it that anattempt at fraudulent voting was being made.

I have herewith explained and illustrated an invention adapted to threesets of candidates or parties and to three candidates of each party. Ihave also shown the circuit ar rangement and operating devices for butone candidate of a single party and three candidates for the sameoilice. It is obviously within the design of my invention that it beadapted to any number of tickets or parties and to any number ofcandidates for each party, that the circuit arrangement shown for asingle office is therefore adaptable to any number of candidates forthat office, and that there will be as many identical circuitarrangements as there are offices to be filled.

I have described and shown two separate batteries for operating theprimary and secondary circuits; but it is clear that this was merely toavoid confusion in the description, since a single battery is all thatis required. Further, I do not confine myself to batteries, for anysource of electric energy will sulliee.

In my invention I prefer using push-buttons for primary circuit-closers,but any desired circuit-closer may be usedsuch as knobs which pull out,push in, or rotate, or levers which move in any direction-to close acircuit.

Open circuits where I have described closed, or vice versa, are equallyapplicable to my design by the mere reversal of conditions, and anysuitable registering and computing device may be used.

\Vhile I have preferably shown a double floor in my locking device, thesame result may be obtained by using a portable mat or any desiredvariation, by means of which the weight of the voter operates thelocking device and an elastic reaction completes its cycle, asdescribed.

\Vhile myinvention is especially advantageous in the form of avoting-machine, as described, its main feature maybe applied to anythingrequiring automatic registration and computation. For example, anyturnstile could by this means he made to register at any distant pointthe number of people passing through it, the number of trains or cars,especially electric, could be registered in a similar manner, and thenumber of calls made in a given time upon a telephonecircuit could besimilarly registered, (to, Finally, it is not beyond the scope of mydesign to have the registering devices explained located at some centralpoint and circuits radiating therefrom in all directions to push-buttonsat various voting-booths for any purpose of registration whatever or forany desired combination of purposes within the design of my invention.

I am aware that prior to my invention electromagnets with vibratingarmaturcs have been made to operate so as to open and close circuits. Itherefore do not claim such a combination, broadly; but

IV hat I do claim as my invention, and desire to secure by LettersPatent, is

I. An electric votingmachine provided with a framework or casing havingnames arranged in party groups as candidate-indicaters, correspondingcircuit-closers contiguous thereto as means for voting, and a hingeddoor therein for each group adapted to make visible or invisible theinclosed registeringdials; first electric circuits, connecting saidcircuit-closers with cooperating switching devices, adapted to transmitvoting impulses; correlative second electric circuits, connectin g twoindependent circuit-closers with each other and with cooperating devicesadapted to receive and register voting impulses; registering andcomputing devices for all candidates, adapted to be electricallyoperated but once by a single voter and for only one candidate for asingle oliliee and then only by the simultaneous cooperation of all thecircuitclosers correlative therewith; a verticallyniovable horizontalsection adapted to be operated as a circuit-controller by means of theweight of the voter resting upon it while voting; and a telltale deviceadapted to be operated by means of an elastic reaction upon the removalof the weight of the voter from' said horizontal section, substantiallyas described.

2. In an electric voting-machine the combination of a plurality ofcircuit-closers in a casing, operated as means for voting, with aplurality of first circuits adapted to transmit voting impulses, aplurality of correlative second circuits adapted to receive and registervoting impulses, a circuit-controlling device operated by the Weight ofthe voter resting upon it, and a telltale device operated by an elasticreaction upon the removal of the voter from said circuit-controller.

3. In an electric voting-machine, a framework or casing provided withnames arranged in party groups and adapted to take the place and form ofprinted ballots, corresponding circuitclosers at one side thereof asmeans for voting, adapted to produce voting impulses and electricregistration thereof, and a hinged door for each party group ofcandidates, adapted to make visible or invisible the registering-dialsthereof.

i. In an electric voting-machine, a switching device, a registeringdevice and means for operating same, means for operating said switchingdevice comprising a first circuit normally open at one point, means forclosing same through the switch whereby the first circuit is completedand the switch operated, thereby opening the first circuit at anotherpoint.

5. In an electric voting-machine, a switchin g device an auxiliaryswitching device working synchronously with a switching device, meansfor operating said switching devices comprising a first circuit normallyopen at one point and means for closing same whereby the first circuitis completed and the switches operated, thereby opening the firstcircuit at two other points.

6. In an electric voting-machine, a register, means for operating saidregister comprising a normally open first circuit, means for closingsame, a switching device operated thereby, and a second circuit normallyopen at two points one of which is closed by the weight of the voter andthe other closed by the closing of the first circuit through the switch,whereby the second circuit is completed and the register operated.

7. In an electric voting-machine, a register, means for operating saidregister comprising a normally open first circuit, means for closingsame, a switching device operated thereby, an auxiliary switching devicealso operated thereby, and a second circuit normally open at two points,one of which is closed by the weight of the voter and the other closedby the closing of the first circuit through the switch whereby thesecond circuit is completed and the register operated.

8. In an electric voting-machine a series of first circuits--one ofwhich includes a circuit-closer a registering device and means foroperating same and a switching device and the others an auxiliary switchin addition thereto-placed in such a relation to one another as to beinterdependent so that the op eration of any one of them prevents theoperation of the others as well as the further operation of itself andthat said operation transmits a voting impulse through the circuitoperated.

9. In an electric voting-machine a series of second'circuitseach ofwhich includes two independent circuit-closers and a registering deviceand all but one of which include an auxiliary electromagnet in additionthereto common to same-and cooperating first circuits placed incorrelation with said second circuits whereby the operation of any oneof said first circuits prolongs the inoperative ness of the others andcauses the said first circuit to be controlled and locked in oper atedposition so that no further operation is possible, said operationregistering a voting impulse through the circuit operated.

10. In an electric voting-machine, the combination of an auxiliaryelectromagnet and IIO armature with a plurality of electromagnets andarmatures in first circuits, and registering devices, said auxiliaryelectromagnet and armature adapted to work synchronously with any one ofthe electromagnets to which it is auxiliary, and to open all of saidfirst circuits simultaneously upon the operation of any one of same.

11. 111 an electric voting-machine, the combination in series of aplurality of first circuits adapted to transmit voting impulses wherebysaid circuits are made interdependent,one circuit of said series havingits switching device adapted to open all the circuits when operated,while the other circuits have an auxiliary device cooperating therewithand producing the same result.

12. In an electric voting-machine, the combination of a series of firstcircuits, adapted to act as transmitters of voting impulses, any one ofwhich is adapted to be operated but which being operated rendersinoperative the entire series, with a series of correlative secondcircuits adapted to register voting impulses, any one of which isadapted to be operated by its correlative first circuit, but which beingoperated prolongs the inoperativeness of the entire series of bothsecond and first circuits.

13. In an electric voting-machine a plurality of independent series ofinterdependent first and second circuits, each of said first and secondcircuits including two circuit-closers, a registering device, and alocking device and each of said series having an auxiliarydevice commonto all but one first and second circuit thereof, whereby any one of saidfirst and second circuits in any series may be operated as means ofproducing and registering a voting impulse; but the operation of any oneof said circuits produces and registers a votingimpulse therein and cutsout the entire series so that a voting impulse can be produced andregistered in no other first and second circuit of that series by asingle voter.

14. In an electric voting-machin e, the combination in an improvedswitching device of a ratchet-wheel having ten teeth all of which actsuccessively as contact-points, with a vibratory armature having alever-arm at one end adapted to electrically engage said contact-pointsin numerical order, a fixed contact-point, an electromagnet adapted tooperate and in circuit with said armature, and a conductor connectingsaid electromagnet with said armature and adapting it to act as acircuit maker and breaker between contact devices.

15. In an electric voting-machine the combination with agroup ofinterdependent series of circuits of a vertically-movable looking deviceand an auxiliary switch adapted to operate as a commoncircuit-controller, means for operating said circuit-controller,comprising a first circuit normally open at one point, means for closingsame, and a second circuit normally open at two points one of which isclosed by the weight of the voter and the other closed by the closing ofthe first circuit through the switch, said circuit-controller beingoperated by the simultaneous closing of said second circuit at bothpoints subsequent to the closing of the first circuit, whereby an entireseries of circuits is controlled and locked by the weight of the voter.

16. In an electric voting-machine, a locking device adapted to completethe cycle of the voting operation after having been operated as acircuit-controller, means for operating said locking device while inthis position, comprising an elastic reaction and a second circuitactively closed at two points one of which is opened through the lockingdevice by the removal of the weight of the voter and an elastic reactionand the other opened by the opening of the second. circuit whereby thecycle is completed.

17. In an electric votingmachine, the combination of an improvedswitching device with a first circuit adapted to transmit votingimpulses and a second circuit adapted to register same, said improvedswitching device being adapted to act at one time as the operatingdevice of one circuit and again as the operating device of the other andto automatically transfer its operation from one circuit to the other asrequired.

18. In an electric voting-machine, the combination with a registeringdevice of a ratchetwheel, a vibratory armature with a lever-arm at oneend adapted to engage and actuate said ratchet-wheel, an eleetromagnetadapted to operate and in circuitwith said armature, and a conductorconnecting said electromagnet with said armature and adapting it to actas a circuit maker and breaker between contact devices.

19. In an electric voting-machine, the combination in a compositecircuit of a group of independent first circuits corresponding to thecandidates of each party, means for operating said composite circuitcomprisinga circuit arrangement connecting said independent firstcircuits with an isolated circuit-closer through which the circuit iscompleted and all of the independent first circuit adapted to besimultaneously operated by the closing of the composite circuit when nocircuit of said group has previously been operated, the said firstcircuits being arranged to constitute interdependent series each seriescomprising the first circuits of all the candidates for a given office,there being as many series as there are offices to be voted for, meansfor closing one and only one circuit of any series which circuit beingclosed opens thereby all the circuits of that series, whereby saidseries is automatically cut out from the composite circuit,substantially as described.

FRANK S. WOOD.

Witnesses:

JOHN E. S. Anitns, Wu. H. S'rEvnNs.

IIC

